Was the Poet Named Virgil or Vergil

The name of the Augustan Age poet and creator of the Roman national epic, The Aeneid, is sometimes spelled Virgil and sometimes Vergil. Which is right? While it is common to have at least 2 different spellings for Greek names, it is not so common with the names of ancient Romans. Thats because the Greek alphabet is substantially different from ours whereas the Latin alphabet is substantially the same, so you wouldnt expect variable spelling for the name of Virgil/Vergil. The Differences in the Alphabets There are some differences between the letters of the alphabet that the Romans used and the ones used in English. The Romans had a few fewer letters. Consonantal i used alternatively for j and u used alternatively for v are potentially problematic. You might see Iulius or Julius, for example. But the Latin vowels and the English vowels are written in the same way. A Latin vocalic i is written as an i in English, and a Latin e is written as an English e. The Correct Spelling The Roman poet who wrote the great Latin epic The Aeneid was called Vergilius by the Romans. This is shortened in English to Vergil. Vergil is actually correct, but as in most matters of absolutes, there is a good reason for the alternative. According to Gilbert Highet in The Classical Tradition, the misspelling (Virgil) began early, possibly as the result of Vergils nickname Parthenias which was based on the poets sexual restraint. In the Middle Ages, the name Virgil was thought to refer to his magical (as in the virga magic wand) powers.

Animal Farm a Compare and Contrast on Karl Marx Communist...

Topic: Research the life of Karl Marx. What were the fundamentals of his Communist Manifesto and how do they compare to the ideas expressed by Old Major in Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella written by George Orwell in 1945. This particular story by George Orwell reflects on the events leading up to and during Stalin era in Russia. During the time he wrote, the work of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was being followed by the Russian leaders, and some of Marx’s ideas can be found in the way George Orwell’s character, Old Major, expresses the way animal’s future should be. Karl Marx is most well kown for writing the Communist Manifesto which became known as one the â€Å"world’s most influential political†¦show more content†¦This section argues that the lower classes are under pressure of their owners and that the lower class can be able to achieve their goals to overcome their problems by the formation of unions or riots. It also state s the capitalism should be overthrown because communision is the only way for equality among the people. In the third section of the Communist Manifesto, â€Å"Socialist and Communist Literature,† the authors discuss the differences of communism and other socioeconomic systems. In their conclusion, â€Å"Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties,† briefly discusses countries that were taking action toward becoming a communist country. It ends with the authors calling for the communist revolution. Karl Marx’s theories, ideas, and his Communist Manifesto can be refelcted in George Orwell’s character, Old Major. Old Major, also known as Willingdon Beauty, is the first major character in Animal Farm and represents Karl Marx. Old Major is the one who starts the revolution among the animals to overthrow Jones and change their ways of living just like Marx is the one who is credited for starting the communist revolution. Old Major starts his conversation by stating that he had a dream and then continues futhur by telling the animal about how cruel an animal life is and that no animal is free and are beingShow MoreRelated Animal Farm Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell’s political satire â€Å"Animal Farm† makes some interesting contrasts between the patriotic character of Old Major, an older majestic looking pig, and Napoleon, a pig who seems to bide his time waiting for the right moment to seize control for his own evil purpose. Old Major makes a patriotic speech to the assembled group, expounding the virtues of animalism (socialism) In effect he is calling for a utopian socialism in which the community must sacrifice for the collective well being

Critical thinking An introduction

Question: Describe the critical thinking and logic, the characteristics of a critical thinker, explain the benefits of critical thinking, identify the barriers to critical thinking and explain the role of reason in critical thinking? Answer: Critical Thinking and Logic is often argued to be two different ideologies but both of them are interwoven and complement each other. Both critical thinking and logic are very old concepts and have their roots in the ancient times. Critical thinking is extremely important in every field and has contributed to the success of the different fields. The critical thinkers are often hailed for their wise decision making which stand to be effective in whatever they do. Hence it is essential that we are able to comprehend the meaning of Critical thinking and Logic. Critical Thinking is a rational process of actively and dynamically conceptualizing, implementing, assessing, and amalgamating gathered information through effectual observation, experience, reasoning, communication to come to a certain conclusion to support a notion. On the other hand logic could be defined as the branch of science which deals with the assessment of arguments and reasoning gathered from critical thinking (Moore et al., 2011). The case study provided with the assignment sheds light on one of the biggest problems that United States has suffered that is the racial discrimination. In the given case study the author has tried to demonstrate certain ideas and reasoning that has seriously emphasized on the essentiality of elimination of racial problems within educational institution. In this case the author showed the capability of critical thinking as the author has tried to delve deep into the problem of racial differences within colleges in universities and tried to reflect on the importance of affirmative action cases to eliminate race problems with the help of the example of the Syracuse University and the Chancellor Nancy Cantor (Bean, 2011). Through the case study attached with the assignment it could be said that the author has certain authentic characteristics of critical thinking which are given below: The author is extremely inquisitive about the subject of affirmative action and hence discussed different issues related to race and its problems. The author has tried to remain well informed about the latest movements made in the issue of affirmative action which he or she has reflected while discussing the case of Syracuse University and cases of Brown vs. Board of Education which took place a long time back in the USA. The author has showed self confidence which is a major characteristic of a critical thinker, in the form of criticizing the US President and his diplomatic character that he showed while commenting on the race issue (Nosich, 2012). The role of critical thinking in assessing a particular case is extremely appreciable as it has certain benefits which support reasoning, but on the other hand this also has to face certain limitations which impede the conclusion made after the critical thinking process is over. Benefits Critical thinking helps in developing attention and observation and cognitive intelligence. Emphasized study. Efficacy in handling key subjects and addressing key issues. Great analytical skills and situation handling ability. Barriers Often critical thinkers misunderstand criticism. Unwillingness to evaluate scholars. Miscomprehend information. Being pompous about ones own reasoning abilities (Ruggiero, 2012). Reasoning is an extremely important aspect in critical thinking. Reasoning has a purpose and hence the role of reasoning stands to be crucial. Reasoning attempts to bring out the best possible rational ideas which help to conclude a particular case. For example in this case the author reasoned the role of race in the field of education and in the life of a student which clears the air about bringing affirmative action cases which would help to eliminate the problem if racial discrimination from education. Critical thinking and emotion are related to each other. They are intertwined as emotion drives thinking and plays a huge part to impetus the process of critical thinking. In this case it was visible that emotion played a huge role which helped the author to critically think about certain points related to the case. The study showed what he felt about the racial discrimination in universities and colleges and on the other hand also rebuked the US President which was clearly a reflection of his or her emotions. Hence it could be said that in order to indulge into effective and healthy critical thinking it is essential to know how to recognize and harness ones emotions (Jackson, 2015). Artificial Intelligence is an evolution in computer technology which is expected to help ease peoples lives. AI could be defined as the concept which will help to develop computer systems that could have human intelligence. Though this concept is at its initial stage but has created a huge buzz in the society with its android system human cognitive abilities to serve human needs. Artificial Intelligence is said to have a huge impact on critical thinking as it will have a significant impact on human emotions. There is a strong connection between faith and reason. Though often said to be differentiating each other faith and reason help in critical thinking. Faith could be delineated as a strong belief, complete trust on something which is obviously there for a reason. It means reason is the attribute which support faith. When a person has faith on something it comes from reason. It is the complete trust shown on something through pragmatic and logical reasons (Fisher, 2011). To conclude it could be said that the author has the faith that racial discrimination would be eliminated from the educational houses in fact from the society as people have understood the ill effects of racial difference and also what it brings to education obviously in a negative form. References Bean, J. C. (2011).Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom. John Wiley Sons. Fisher, A. (2011).Critical thinking: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Jackson, S. (2015).Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Moore, B. N., Parker, R., Rosenstand, N. (2011).Critical thinking. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nosich, G. M. (2012). Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum. Ruggiero, V. R. (2011).The art of thinking: A guide to critical and creative thought. Pearson Higher Ed.

Study Of Vampirism In Literature English Literature Essay free essay sample

In the Eighteenth Century, lamia literature started to foremost look. Vampirism in its literary signifier was seen as a representation of the Victorian thoughts and frights of gender. It was believed during the Victorian epoch the male meant to be forceful. He is the defender, the actor, the giver, the guardian. Whereas the female was non merely virginal, inactive yet receptive nevertheless Victorian adult females had to be intelligent and lead oning. Otherwise if they demonstrated feminine gender there would be fleet accusals of witchery, homosexuality that would originate. In Gothic fiction gender functions would be destabilized and inverted ; it about seems that the gender roles exchange amongst the two sexes. Carl Jung besides mentions this in his theory of analytical psychological science, specifically the animosity ; unconscious masculine constituent in adult females and anima ; the unconscious feminine feature in work forces. This theory would travel on to explicate and pull a relationship to the rise of dominant females and inactive males, non normal in a common civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Of Vampirism In Literature English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Victorian civilization literary vampirism provenders off such anxiousnesss: gender destabilization, homosexualism, feminine gender. In the narrative of Dracula by Bram Stoker, Jonathan Harker is feminized by his inability to move when he realizes he is a captive in Dracula s palace and feels profoundly afraid, The palace is a regular prison, and I am a captive! ( Stoker 57 ) . As a male character in a Gothic literature Jonathan goes from the actor, the defender and is destabilized in footings of his gender. Jonathan has become inactive and merely feels as a captive of Dracula. Jonathan s inability to move is similar to the rights of adult females in the Victorian epoch. Womans did non hold many rights and when they found themselves in a state of affairs they were normally overcome with a sense of weakness. When I found that I was a captive a kind of wild feeling came over me. I rushed up and down the stepss, seeking every door and peering out of every window I could happen ; but after a small the strong belief of my weakness overpowered all other feelings ( Stoker 58 ) . In Jonathans instance he becomes wholly overpowered by this feeling. The quotation mark taken out of Dracula, could use to many adult females who felt the suppression of male laterality in a society where it was non incorrect to make so. What is more, Jonathan Harker demonstrates his unconscious feminine feature, the anima, which was going more lucid. The feminine constituent in that specific clip period as mentioned earlier was that adult females felt feelings , they were guiltless, virginal, helpless. Besides it would besides be the male, witting or unconscious possessing traits such as defender, guardian, actor to deliver the demoiselle in hurt. The strong belief of Harkers feelings overmastering all other feelings is non common, and could perchance be mentioning to Harkers gender inversion taking phase. Jonathan encounters the three female lamias who are unfastened to their gender and is seduced by the three female lamias, All three had superb white dentitions, that shone like pearls against the ruby of their juicy lips. There was something about them that made me uneasy, some yearning and at the same clip some lifelessly fear. I felt in my bosom a wicked, firing desire that they would snog me with those ruddy lips ( Stoker 68 ) . The three female lamias were one time once more unfastened to their gender which is unheard of in Victorian adult females, He is immature and strong ; there are busss for us all. ( Stoker 69 ) . Mina encompasses the feminine inactive trait and artlessness which was considered as a proper Victorian adult female. What is more, despite being engaged to Mina, Jonathan Harker enjoys the delightful incursion from these three lamias, [ He ] could experience the soft, shuddering touch of the lips on the ace sensitive tegument of [ his ] pharynx, and the difficult dents of two crisp dentitions, merely touching and hesitating at that place. [ He ] closed [ his ] eyes in dreamy rapture and waited waited with [ a ] whipping bosom ( Stoker 70 ) . The gender inversion is a perfect lampoon of sexual intercourse where the female novice, penetrates and dominates and Jonathan the male illustration is the receiving system and who waits for the incursion. Furthermore, this love doing collides with what was force and kid slaying, If my ears did non lead on me there was a pant and a low lament, as of a half-smothered kid ( Stoker 71 ) . The most violent scene seems to be the scene that first gives birth to gender stabilisation and the riddance of homosexuality for the first clip in Dracula. Similar to how Dracula penetrate adult females in non-sexual manner with his Fangs, Van Helsing is similar to Dracula with a needle. This occurs with the blood transfusion that Van Helsing along with Dr. Seward, and Arthur were administrating to Lucy in order to replace the blood she gave to Dracula. In add-on, the transfusion of blood from the crew of visible radiation helps stabilise Lucy from going sexually inverted. However it was non plenty to forestall her from going a lamia and in some ways subliminally become homoerotic and sexually inverted. It is up to the penetrating and forceful actions from Van Helsing that poses a menace to a sexualized adult female, it jeopardizes their feminine gender. Possibly one can do the statement that Van Helsing represents the common involvement of work forces in the Victorian Era ( repress adult females ) , whereas Lucy represents the feminist motion. What is more in the scene where Arthur stakes Lucy, she is punished for the unmasking of her unconscious masculine constituent ; the animosity. The venturing itself is symbolic because it assures Van Helsing that they purged the changeless hungering for feminine gender. Finally returning the homosexuality and enforcing the passive and receptive female function. In Carmilla by J. Sheridan LeFanu, Carmilla and Laura are two familiarities. As the narrative progresses the audience begins to detect that Laura begins to fall under the seduction of her houseguest Carmilla. This narrative becomes of import in Gothic literature as it tackles the issues of same-sex relationships or homosexuality, as per usual for a repeating subject it would originate in Dracula every bit good. Carmillas nature was confident, forceful or speedy tempered which could explicate her aggression and more significantly her lubricious chase of Laura. Opposite to Carmilla is Laura who represents the pureness of a Victorian adult female, unconditioned artlessness, accepting, receptive and inactive. For the blood is the Life, Angelo is a affluent unmarried man in his small town, He lives with his male parent Alario, unluckily when Alario passes off, Angelo is left unprotected and entirely with his heritage stolen. Angelo was really unhappy. So long as his male parent had been alive and rich, every miss in the small town had been in love with him ; but that has all changed now ( Crawford 196 ) . In add-on to Angelo s heritage being stolen all the adult females in the small town disregard him. Possibly this demonstrates how barbarous and mercenary the society is turning to be with currency, this could perchance be an statement made subliminally in literature. What is more a relationship was driven by the chief rule that the male was the supplier and demand to be finically established and the female common to history stayed at place. However intellectually and dishonestly ( Tiger and Elena Woods ) , the adult females would try to run out the adult male of his life force , in ha rd currency and in sperm. In the narrative For the blood is the life, Cristina smiled at [ Angelo ] she showed two little crisp dentition ( Crawford 197 ) . The two little crisp dentitions that Cristina shows are possibly her method of perforating Angelo, They feasted on his psyche and cast a enchantment over him ( Crawford 197 ) . The incursion throughout this scene seems to happen in a dream, which could indicate out a non-physical mean of perforating Angelo. Once once more this is similar to how Dracula uses his dentitions to non-sexually perforate their victim . Cristina does non show traits of feminine gender but possibly it must be taken in context, because she has the ability to set Angelo in a enchantment. During this enchantment province Angelo has a dual consciousness, he is non cognizant nevertheless all he is witting is approximately is they are fantastic, And as she glided beside him, Cristina whispered unusual sweet things in his ear, which someway, if he had been awake, he know that he could non hold understood ; but now they were the most fantastic words he had of all time heard in his life. ( Crawford 198 ) Furthermore, in the narrative of For the blood is the life and Dracula there is grounds associating to Sigmund Freud s Primal Horde theory. The Primal host theory fundamentally refers to a system where a boy becomes a male parent non frailty versa. In For the blood is the life, what can be seen is the manner the Primal Horde theory would work under normal fortunes. The boy Angelo is the replacement of Algario and his luck. Angelo will go the new caput of the household. However in Dracula when the Count refers Mina, as flesh of my flesh ; blood of my blood ; family of my kinaˆÂ ¦ ( Stoker 328 ) . This implies that they will go blood related most likely through matrimony and it is so that Mina will go the loyal retainer a girl of Dracula. This works queerly as Dracula would works in the opposite way of Sigmund s cardinal host, My big wine-press for a piece ; and shall be subsequently on my comrade and my assistant ( Stoker 328 ) . As a repeating subject in Gothic literature, one can reason that it is ever the female that instigates the sexual or non-sexual interaction. Whereas the male who is the forceful one, seems to invert into what was considered a Victorian adult female, inactive yet receptive. However as it has been established in this paper the context is really of import into understanding the significance within these fearful yet exciting narratives. The three plants of fiction: Dracula by Bram Stoker, For the blood is the life by F. Marion Crawford and Carmilla by J. Sheridan LeFanu, encompasses the chief subjects found in Gothic literature. Just to name a few of the subjects gender destabilization and inversion, homosexuality and homosexualism and feminine gender are the subjects that Gothic literature uses to work the frights during the Victorian Era. The destabilization of 1s gender gives an rebellion to the unconscious constituent male or female. This is known as the psychoanalytical theory known as the animosity and anima coined by Carl Jung. We saw this in Dracula with the three lamias that instigated and seduced ( Animus ) the upside-down inactive Jonathan Harker ( Anima ) who required the Count as the savior to salvage him. In a clip to a great extent dominated by male sentiment and power it would be a incubus to in vision a feminist motion. The gender functions have been established far before the maturing of the current society, where the outlook of adult females would been seen as barbaric. Society and Culture expected its adult females to be obedient, inactive with no sentiment, having particularly to look guiltless. Any adult females who was intelligent plenty would non advert a word of this repression of adult females rights. Possibly the history of adult females repression and the fright of gender inversion, homosexualism and feminine gender, paved manner for literary vampirism to be such an interesting read. What is more are some of these features of Gothic literature still exist today, surely the repression of adult females and the thought of traditional gender function still exist to some extent, although there may non be the accusal of witchery. Stoning a adult female to decease is still an option in some Islamic civilizations. Work Cited Crawford, F. Marion. For the Blood is the Life. The Penguin Book of Vampire Stories. Ed. Allan Ryan. New York: The Penguin Group, 1987. Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontentments. Web. 5 April 2011 Jung, G. Carl. Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the ego. Vol. 9.2 of the Collected plants of C.J. Jung. Trans. R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Web. 5 April 2011 LeFanu, J. Sheridan. Carmilla. The Penguin Book of Vampire Stories. Ed. Allan Ryan. New York: The Penguin Group, 1987. Print. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Broadview Press Ltd. Ed. Glennis Byron. Peterbrough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2000. Print.